Country Name: Islamic Republic of Iran
International Name: ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
Location: Southwest Asia
Area: 1,648,195 square kilometers
Population: 83,500,000 people in 1402
Capital: Tehran
Official Religion: Islam, Shiite religion
Official Language: Persian
Currency: Rial, Toman
Climate: Four seasons with a relatively dry climate
Geography
The country of Iran, with an area of more than 1,648,195 square kilometers (the sixteenth largest country in the world in terms of area), is located in the southwest of the Asian continent.
Geographically, Iran is located in the southern hemisphere of the northern temperate zone between 03°25 and 47°39 north latitude from the equator and 14°44 and 20°63 east longitude from the Greenwich meridian.
The land of Iran is generally mountainous and semi-arid, with an average altitude of more than 1,200 meters above sea level. More than half of Iran's area is made up of mountains and highlands, a quarter of it is plains, and less than a quarter is cultivated land. The lowest point in Iran is located in the Lut Valley at 56 meters, and the highest is Mount Damavand at 5,628 meters in the Alborz Mountains. On the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, the land is 28 meters below sea level. In the north of Iran is the Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world, and in the south of Iran are the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman.
Iran is bordered to the north by the Republic of Turkmenistan, the Caspian Sea, the Republics of Azerbaijan and Armenia, to the west by Turkey and Iraq, to the east by Pakistan and Afghanistan, and to the south by the Sea of Oman and the Persian Gulf. In total, Iran's perimeter is 8,731 kilometers, of which 2,700 kilometers are water borders and 6,031 kilometers are land borders.
The highest point in Iran is Mount Damavand at 5,628 meters, the longest river is the Karun River at 950 kilometers long (the only navigable river), the largest lake is Lake Urmia with an area of 4,868 square kilometers, and the largest island is Qeshm Island with an area of 1,491 square kilometers.
Language
The official language of Iran is Persian, which is considered one of the oldest languages in the world. This language has spread from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian subcontinent in the past. Today, people in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan speak Persian. Persian is also spoken by native speakers in Bahrain, Iraq, Pakistan, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Russia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, China, and India. Given the official status of Persian in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, and the dominance of speakers of other languages besides their native language, the total number of Persian speakers in the world can be estimated at more than 120 million. Persian is also the eighth most widely used language in web content. Persian is one of the richest and most diverse languages in the world in terms of literary works, the number and variety of vocabulary, and proverbs. Persian has a simple structure and is easy to learn.
In Iran, other languages, including Turkish, Arabic, and Kurdish, are also used in certain regions. Persian is also spoken in different regions of Iran with different dialects.
Script
The script of the Iranian people uses the Arabic script alphabet, which evolved after the adoption of Islam by Iranians and is used as the official script in Iran.
Calendar
The origin of Iranian history is the year of the migration of Prophet Muhammad, the last prophet of God, from Mecca to Medina and the establishment of the Islamic state (622 AD). The beginning of the year is the first day of spring (March 22). The names and lengths of the months are as follows: 1- Farvardin 31 days 2- Ordibehesht 31 days 3- Khordad 31 days 4- Tir 31 days 5- Mordad 31 days 6- Shahrivar 31 days 7- Mehr 30 days 8- Aban 30 days 9- Azar 30 days 10- Di 30 days 11- Bahman 30 days 12- Esfand 29 days.
The day off in Iran is Friday.
Political situation
The government of Iran is the Islamic Republic and its national day is February 22. The government of Iran was a monarchy until 1357 AH, when it became the Islamic Republic with the religious revolution in that year. The government of the Islamic Republic means a government that has a parliament and the country's officials are determined through various elections, but the laws and regulations are approved and implemented based on the rulings and orders of the Islamic religion and in accordance with them. The political and economic capital of Iran is Tehran, which has a population of more than 14 million and is located in the northern half of central Iran. Politically, Iran is divided into 31 separate regions, which are called provinces, based on ethnic, cultural, economic and climatic conditions. After Tehran Province, the provinces of Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Fars and East Azerbaijan are among the most important provinces of Iran, with the cities of Isfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz and Tabriz as the centers of these provinces, respectively.
Flag
The flag of Iran consists of three equal horizontal rows, with green at the top, white in the middle and red at the bottom. The national emblem (the word Allah) is in red in the middle of the white field. The word Allahu Akbar is repeated in white and Arabic script 11 times along the bottom edge of the green row and 11 times along the top edge of the red row.
Economy
Iran is an oil-rich country and is among the top three countries in the world in terms of total oil and gas reserves. Mining, agriculture, horticulture and dairy activities are also thriving in Iran. Iran is also among the top ten countries in the world in terms of tourist attractions, among the top five countries in the world in terms of tourism diversity, and among the top three countries in the world in terms of handicraft diversity. Iran is the connection point between Asia and Europe and is considered a strategic point in terms of geographical location and transit. In recent years, the Iranian economy has developed greatly in industrial production. The negative point of the Iranian economy is inflation.
Iran's most important exports are oil and gas, defense and aerospace products, petrochemical products, steel and metals, agricultural and food products (including pistachios, saffron, raisins, and caviar), various minerals and construction materials, household appliances, textiles, and carpets.
Iran's most important imports are industrial machinery and metal industries, electronic and digital devices, food and pharmaceuticals, hygiene and cosmetic products, textiles and clothing, and agricultural and food products, especially corn and animal feed.
In terms of agriculture, Iran's most important products are citrus fruits, wheat, rice, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, oilseeds (pistachios, almonds, walnuts), cotton, dairy products, wool, and caviar.
Climate
Iran is one of the most unique countries in terms of climate. The temperature difference in winter between the hottest and coldest points sometimes exceeds 50 degrees Celsius.
Iran is a country with four seasons and a relatively dry climate, characterized by long summers in most parts of the country. Also, Iran's climate is cold in its short winters. January and February are the coldest months in Iran, and July is the warmest month.
Iran's climate is very hot and humid near the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. The northern coast of the country, which extends from the Caspian Sea to the Alborz Mountains, is characterized by dense forests, heavy rainfall, and high humidity.
Iran is a high plateau located in the northern hemisphere, in the tropical zone, between 25 and 40 degrees latitude. Desert and semi-desert areas occupy more than half of the country's area. About a third of Iran is also mountainous, and a small part of Iran (including the southern Caspian Sea plain and the Khuzestan plain) consists of fertile plains. Iran has a high climate diversity. From the north to the south of the country, we gradually encounter different climatic zones. Iran is considered an arid and semi-arid climate zone in terms of rainfall. The annual rainfall varies in different parts of the country and in different seasons of the year.
The hottest spot on earth in 2004 and 2005 was at a point in the Lut Desert of Iran.
Iran is semi-arid and arid in terms of rainfall. The rainfall in Iran varies greatly. While in the northern parts of Iran, rainfall reaches more than 2113 mm. In the central and southern regions, which are mainly deserts and deserts, rainfall is mostly very low, around 15 mm.
The temperature difference in Iran is large in different places. While the temperature in Shahrekord reaches -30 degrees Celsius at night in winter, the people of Ahvaz experience summer weather (50 degrees Celsius). The weather on the northern coast is hot and humid in summer and moderate in winter. The northwest and west regions have moderate summers and cold winters, and the southern regions have extremely hot summers and moderate winters.
Culture and Lifestyle
Iran is one of the oldest human settlements and one of the cradles of civilization. The Achaemenid Empire ruled over about half of the world's population for five centuries BC. With the advent of Islam, the people of Iran converted to Islam, and currently more than 99 percent of the Iranian people are Muslims, with Zoroastrian, Christian, and Jewish minorities living alongside them. More than 90 percent of Iranian Muslims follow the Twelver Shiite sect, who believe in the emergence of the Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, at the end of time and the establishment of a divine government and the spread of justice and security in the world.
The culture of the Iranian people is very rich and diverse and has been influenced by various factors including history, religions, language, art, literature and geography of the region. There are different ethnic groups and religions in Iranian society, each of which has influenced the country's culture and national identity to some extent. Iranian people are usually hospitable, kind and warm-hearted.
Iranian Scientific Celebrities
Iran has been the birthplace of many scientists and scientific greats, especially in the past. Some of the great scientific figures of Iran are:
- Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni, (352 to 427 AH) mathematician, physicist, astronomer, anthropologist and historian
- Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Hassan Tusi, known as Khwaja Nasir al-Din, (579 to 653 AH) Iranian poet, philosopher, theologian, jurist, astronomer, thinker, mathematician, astronomer, physician and architect
- Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan, (721 to 815 AH) father of chemistry
- Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakaria al-Razi, (243 to 304 AH) Iranian physician, philosopher, pharmacist and chemist and discoverer of alcohol
- Abu Al-Wafa Muhammad Bozjani, (319 to 376 AH) mathematician and astronomer
- Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Kashani, (758 to 808 AH) accountant and mathematician
- Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, (159 to 229 (A.H.) Father of Algebra
- Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abd... ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina, known as Abu Ali Sina, (359 to 416 A.H.) Great Iranian physician
- Ghiyath al-Din Abu al-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim Khayyam of Neyshaburi, known as Khayyam, (427 to 510 A.H.) Great Iranian philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, and poet.